Your connection only has the older kind of address (IPv4). That's fine: every website still works.
Think of a phone with two numbers: a new one (IPv6) and an old one (IPv4). Every website can call your old number. Many big websites also have the new kind and use it when you have one too.
Your provider only gave you the old kind, so every website, including Google and YouTube, reaches you on the same address: 216.73.216.242. Many providers are adding IPv6 over time.
ip5.io looks up whether the website supports the newer address, using Cloudflare DNS. It doesn't visit the website or tell it about you, and doesn't keep the names you check.
Usually about the same. IPv6 can be a little faster on some networks because it skips the address sharing many providers use for IPv4, but for everyday browsing you won't notice a difference.
Usually not. Websites and apps work best with both, and turning IPv6 off doesn't make you more private: websites simply see your IPv4 address instead, with the same kind of information. A VPN or privacy relay hides both.